If you want to learn best tricks and tips, there's only one way to do it... at least only one way that I know of. Here are some notes I created while learning about the intricacies of php sessions, it's all in the code.
[Session] ; Handler used to store/retrieve data. session.save_handler = files
Argument passed to save_handler. In the case of files, this is the path where data files are stored. As of PHP 4.0.1, you can define the path as:
session.save_path = "N;/path"
where N is an integer. Instead of storing all the session files in /path, what this will do is use subdirectories N-levels deep, and store the session data in those directories. This is useful if you or your OS have problems with lots of files in one directory, and is a more efficient layout for servers that handle lots of sessions.
; ; NOTE 1: PHP will not create this directory structure automatically. ; You can use the script in the ext/session dir for that purpose. ; NOTE 2: See the section on garbage collection below if you choose to ; use subdirectories for session storage ; ; The file storage module creates files using mode 600 by default. ; You can change that by using ; ; session.save_path = "N;MODE;/path" ; ; where MODE is the octal representation of the mode. Note that this ; does not overwrite the process's umask. ;session.save_path = "/tmp"
session.c
/* {{{ PHP_INI
*/
PHP_INI_BEGIN()
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN("session.bug_compat_42", "1", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateBool, bug_compat, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN("session.bug_compat_warn", "1", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateBool, bug_compat_warn, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.save_path", "", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateSaveDir,save_path, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.name", "PHPSESSID", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateString, session_name, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.save_handler", "files", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateSaveHandler)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN("session.auto_start", "0", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateBool, auto_start, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.gc_probability", "1", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, gc_probability, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.gc_divisor", "100", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, gc_divisor, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.gc_maxlifetime", "1440", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, gc_maxlifetime, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.serialize_handler", "php", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateSerializer)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.cookie_lifetime", "0", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, cookie_lifetime, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.cookie_path", "/", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateString, cookie_path, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.cookie_domain", "", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateString, cookie_domain, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN("session.cookie_secure", "", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateBool, cookie_secure, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN("session.cookie_httponly", "", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateBool, cookie_httponly, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN("session.use_cookies", "1", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateBool, use_cookies, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN("session.use_only_cookies", "0", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateBool, use_only_cookies, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.referer_check", "", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateString, extern_referer_chk, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.entropy_file", "", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateString, entropy_file, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.entropy_length", "0", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, entropy_length, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.cache_limiter", "nocache", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateString, cache_limiter, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.cache_expire", "180", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, cache_expire, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.use_trans_sid", "0", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateTransSid)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.hash_function", "0", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, hash_func, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.hash_bits_per_character", "4", PHP_INI_ALL, OnUpdateLong, hash_bits_per_character, php_ps_globals, ps_globals)
/* Commented out until future discussion */
/* PHP_INI_ENTRY("session.encode_sources", "globals,track", PHP_INI_ALL, NULL) */
PHP_INI_END()
/* }}} */
Session Errors
The session id contains illegal characters, valid characters are a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and '-,' fcntl(%d, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) failed: %s (%d) open(%s, O_RDWR) failed: %s (%d) ps_files_cleanup_dir: opendir(%s) failed: %s (%d) read failed: %s (%d) read returned less bytes than requested write failed: %s (%d) write wrote less bytes than requested mm_malloc failed, avail %d, err %s cannot allocate new data segment Skipping numeric key %ld. A session is active. You cannot change the session module's ini settings at this time. Cannot find save handler %s Cannot find serialization handler %s Unknown session.serialize_handler. Failed to encode session object. Cannot encode non-existent session. Unknown session.serialize_handler. Failed to decode session object. Failed to decode session object. Session has been destroyed. Invalid session hash function The ini setting hash_bits_per_character is out of range (should be 4, 5, or 6) - using 4 for now No storage module chosen - failed to initialize session. Failed to initialize storage module: %s (path: %s) The session bug compatibility code will not Your script possibly relies on a session side-effect which existed until PHP 4.2.3. Please be advised that the session extension does not consider global variables as a source of data, unless register_globals is enabled. You can disable this functionality and this warning by setting session.bug_compat_42 or session.bug_compat_warn to off, respectively. Failed to write session data (%s). Please Cannot send session cache limiter - headers already sent (output started at %s:%d) Cannot send session cache limiter - headers already sent Cannot send session cookie - headers already sent by (output started at %s:%d) Cannot send session cookie - headers already sent Cannot find save handler %s Cannot find unknown save handler purged %d expired session objects Trying to destroy uninitialized session Session object destruction failed Cannot find named PHP session module (%s) Argument %d is not a valid callback Cannot regenerate session id - headers already sent Session object destruction failed
PS_GC_FUNC(files)
{
PS_FILES_DATA;
/* we don't perform any cleanup, if dirdepth is larger than 0.
we return SUCCESS, since all cleanup should be handled by
an external entity (i.e. find -ctime x | xargs rm) */
if (data->dirdepth == 0) {
*nrdels = ps_files_cleanup_dir(data->basedir, maxlifetime TSRMLS_CC);
}
return SUCCESS;
}
mod_files.c
/* If you change the logic here, please also update the error message in
* ps_files_open() appropriately */
static int ps_files_valid_key(const char *key)
{
size_t len;
const char *p;
char c;
int ret = 1;
for (p = key; (c = *p); p++) {
/* valid characters are a..z,A..Z,0..9 */
if (!((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
|| (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
|| (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
|| c == ','
|| c == '-')) {
ret = 0;
break;
}
}
len = p - key;
if (len == 0) {
ret = 0;
}
return ret;
}
static int ps_files_cleanup_dir(const char *dirname, int maxlifetime TSRMLS_DC)
{
DIR *dir;
char dentry[sizeof(struct dirent) + MAXPATHLEN];
struct dirent *entry = (struct dirent *) &dentry;
struct stat sbuf;
char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
time_t now;
int nrdels = 0;
size_t dirname_len;
dir = opendir(dirname);
if (!dir) {
php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_NOTICE, "ps_files_cleanup_dir: opendir(%s) failed: %s (%d)", dirname, strerror(errno), errno);
return (0);
}
time(&now);
dirname_len = strlen(dirname);
/* Prepare buffer (dirname never changes) */
memcpy(buf, dirname, dirname_len);
buf[dirname_len] = PHP_DIR_SEPARATOR;
while (php_readdir_r(dir, (struct dirent *) dentry, &entry) == 0 && entry) {
/* does the file start with our prefix? */
if (!strncmp(entry->d_name, FILE_PREFIX, sizeof(FILE_PREFIX) - 1)) {
size_t entry_len = strlen(entry->d_name);
/* does it fit into our buffer? */
if (entry_len + dirname_len + 2 < MAXPATHLEN) {
/* create the full path.. */
memcpy(buf + dirname_len + 1, entry->d_name, entry_len);
/* NUL terminate it and */
buf[dirname_len + entry_len + 1] = '�';
/* check whether its last access was more than maxlifet ago */
if (VCWD_STAT(buf, &sbuf) == 0 &&
#ifdef NETWARE
(now - sbuf.st_mtime.tv_sec) > maxlifetime) {
#else
(now - sbuf.st_mtime) > maxlifetime) {
#endif
VCWD_UNLINK(buf);
nrdels++;
}
}
}
}
closedir(dir);
return (nrdels);
}
ext/session/mod_files.c
#define PS_FILES_DATA ps_files *data = PS_GET_MOD_DATA()
PS_OPEN_FUNC(files)
{
ps_files *data;
const char *p, *last;
const char *argv[3];
int argc = 0;
size_t dirdepth = 0;
int filemode = 0600;
if (*save_path == '�') {
/* if save path is an empty string, determine the temporary dir */
save_path = php_get_temporary_directory();
if (strcmp(save_path, "/tmp")) {
if (PG(safe_mode) && (!php_checkuid(save_path, NULL, CHECKUID_CHECK_FILE_AND_DIR))) {
return FAILURE;
}
if (php_check_open_basedir(save_path TSRMLS_CC)) {
return FAILURE;
}
}
}
/* split up input parameter */
last = save_path;
p = strchr(save_path, ';');
while (p) {
argv[argc++] = last;
last = ++p;
p = strchr(p, ';');
if (argc > 2) break;
}
argv[argc++] = last;
if (argc > 1) {
errno = 0;
dirdepth = (size_t) strtol(argv[0], NULL, 10);
if (errno == ERANGE) {
php_error(E_WARNING, "The first parameter in session.save_path is invalid");
return FAILURE;
}
}
if (argc > 2) {
errno = 0;
filemode = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 8);
if (errno == ERANGE || filemode < 0 || filemode > 07777) {
php_error(E_WARNING, "The second parameter in session.save_path is invalid");
return FAILURE;
}
}
save_path = argv[argc - 1];
data = emalloc(sizeof(*data));
memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
data->fd = -1;
data->dirdepth = dirdepth;
data->filemode = filemode;
data->basedir_len = strlen(save_path);
data->basedir = estrndup(save_path, data->basedir_len);
PS_SET_MOD_DATA(data);
return SUCCESS;
}
[PHP 5.2.0 session.save_path safe_mode and open_basedir bypass]
Author: Maksymilian Arciemowicz (SecurityReason)
Date:
- - Written: 02.10.2006
- - Public: 08.12.2006
SecurityAlert Id: 43
CVE: CVE-2006-6383
SecurityRisk: High
Affected Software: PHP 5.2.0
Advisory URL: http://securityreason.com/achievement_securityalert/43
Vendor: http://www.php.net
- --- 0.Description ---
PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from
C, Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. The
goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated
pages quickly.
A nice introduction to PHP by Stig Sather Bakken can be found at
http://www.zend.com/zend/art/intro.php on the Zend website. Also, much of the
PHP Conference Material is freely available.
Session support in PHP consists of a way to preserve certain data across
subsequent accesses. This enables you to build more customized applications and
increase the appeal of your web site.
A visitor accessing your web site is assigned a unique id, the so-called
session id. This is either stored in a cookie on the user side or is propagated
in the URL.
session.save_path defines the argument which is passed to the save handler. If
you choose the default files handler, this is the path where the files are
created. Defaults to /tmp. See also session_save_path().
There is an optional N argument to this directive that determines the number of
directory levels your session files will be spread around in. For example,
setting to '5;/tmp' may end up creating a session file and location like
/tmp/4/b/1/e/3/sess_4b1e384ad74619bd212e236e52a5a174If . In order to use N you
must create all of these directories before use. A small shell script exists in
ext/session to do this, it's called mod_files.sh. Also note that if N is used
and greater than 0 then automatic garbage collection will not be performed, see
a copy of php.ini for further information. Also, if you use N, be sure to
surround session.save_path in "quotes" because the separator (;) is also used
for comments in php.ini.
- --- 1. session.save_path safe mode and open basedir bypass ---
session.save_path can be set in ini_set(), session_save_path() function. In
session.save_path there must be path where you will save yours tmp file. But
syntax for session.save_path can be:
[/PATH]
OR
[N;/PATH]
N - can be a string.
EXAMPLES:
1. session_save_path("/DIR/WHERE/YOU/HAVE/ACCESS")
2. session_save_path("5;/DIR/WHERE/YOU/HAVE/ACCESS")
and
3.
session_save_path("/DIR/WHERE/YOU/DONT/HAVE/ACCESS�;/DIR/WHERE/YOU/HAVE/ACCESS")CACHE_LIMITER_FUNC(public)
{
char buf[MAX_STR + 1];
struct timeval tv;
time_t now;
gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
now = tv.tv_sec + PS(cache_expire) * 60;
#define EXPIRES "Expires: "
memcpy(buf, EXPIRES, sizeof(EXPIRES) - 1);
strcpy_gmt(buf + sizeof(EXPIRES) - 1, &now);
ADD_HEADER(buf);
snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) , "Cache-Control: public, max-age=%ld", PS(cache_expire) * 60); /* SAFE */
ADD_HEADER(buf);
last_modified(TSRMLS_C);
}
CACHE_LIMITER_FUNC(private_no_expire)
{
char buf[MAX_STR + 1];
snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Cache-Control: private, max-age=%ld, pre-check=%ld", PS(cache_expire) * 60, PS(cache_expire) * 60); /* SAFE */
ADD_HEADER(buf);
last_modified(TSRMLS_C);
}
CACHE_LIMITER_FUNC(private)
{
ADD_HEADER("Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT");
CACHE_LIMITER(private_no_expire)(TSRMLS_C);
}
CACHE_LIMITER_FUNC(nocache)
{
ADD_HEADER("Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT");
/* For HTTP/1.1 conforming clients and the rest (MSIE 5) */
ADD_HEADER("Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0");
/* For HTTP/1.0 conforming clients */
ADD_HEADER("Pragma: no-cache");
}
static php_session_cache_limiter_t php_session_cache_limiters[] = {
CACHE_LIMITER_ENTRY(public)
CACHE_LIMITER_ENTRY(private)
CACHE_LIMITER_ENTRY(private_no_expire)
CACHE_LIMITER_ENTRY(nocache)
{0}
};
static int php_session_cache_limiter(TSRMLS_D)
{
php_session_cache_limiter_t *lim;
if (PS(cache_limiter)[0] == '�') return 0;
if (SG(headers_sent)) {
char *output_start_filename = php_get_output_start_filename(TSRMLS_C);
int output_start_lineno = php_get_output_start_lineno(TSRMLS_C);
if (output_start_filename) {
php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_WARNING, "Cannot send session cache limiter - headers already sent (output started at %s:%d)",
output_start_filename, output_start_lineno);
} else {
php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_WARNING, "Cannot send session cache limiter - headers already sent");
}
return -2;
}
for (lim = php_session_cache_limiters; lim->name; lim++) {
if (!strcasecmp(lim->name, PS(cache_limiter))) {
lim->func(TSRMLS_C);
return 0;
}
}
return -1;
}
static void php_session_send_cookie(TSRMLS_D)
{
smart_str ncookie = {0};
char *date_fmt = NULL;
char *e_session_name, *e_id;
if (SG(headers_sent)) {
char *output_start_filename = php_get_output_start_filename(TSRMLS_C);
int output_start_lineno = php_get_output_start_lineno(TSRMLS_C);
if (output_start_filename) {
php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_WARNING, "Cannot send session cookie - headers already sent by (output started at %s:%d)",
output_start_filename, output_start_lineno);
} else {
php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_WARNING, "Cannot send session cookie - headers already sent");
}
return;
}
/* URL encode session_name and id because they might be user supplied */
e_session_name = php_url_encode(PS(session_name), strlen(PS(session_name)), NULL);
e_id = php_url_encode(PS(id), strlen(PS(id)), NULL);
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, COOKIE_SET_COOKIE);
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, e_session_name);
smart_str_appendc(&ncookie, '=');
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, e_id);
efree(e_session_name);
efree(e_id);
if (PS(cookie_lifetime) > 0) {
struct timeval tv;
time_t t;
gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
t = tv.tv_sec + PS(cookie_lifetime);
if (t > 0) {
date_fmt = php_std_date(t TSRMLS_CC);
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, COOKIE_EXPIRES);
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, date_fmt);
efree(date_fmt);
}
}
if (PS(cookie_path)[0]) {
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, COOKIE_PATH);
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, PS(cookie_path));
}
if (PS(cookie_domain)[0]) {
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, COOKIE_DOMAIN);
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, PS(cookie_domain));
}
if (PS(cookie_secure)) {
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, COOKIE_SECURE);
}
if (PS(cookie_httponly)) {
smart_str_appends(&ncookie, COOKIE_HTTPONLY);
}
smart_str_0(&ncookie);
/* 'replace' must be 0 here, else a previous Set-Cookie
header, probably sent with setcookie() will be replaced! */
sapi_add_header_ex(ncookie.c, ncookie.len, 0, 0 TSRMLS_CC);
}